Excerpts from the Turkish Embassy Letters (II)

Mary Montagu seems to have become quite proficient in Turkish, and Darcy is pleased to share some of the first examples of Turkish transliterated (however imperfectly) into the Latin script.

"I have got for you, as you desire, a Turkish love-letter, which I have put into a little box, and ordered the captain of the Smyrniote to deliver it to you with this letter. The translation of it is literally as follows: The first piece you should pull out of the purse, is a little pearl, which is in Turkish called Ingi, and must be understood in this manner:

Ingi, Sensin Uzellerin gingi
Pearl, Fairest of the young.
Caremfil, Caremfilsen cararen yok
Clove, Conge gulsum timarin yok
Benseny chok than severim
Senin benden, haberin yok.
You are as slender as the clove!
You are an unblown rose!
I have long loved you, and you have not known it!
Pul, Derdime derman bul
Jonquil, Have pity on my passion!
Kihat, Birlerum sahat sahat
Paper, I faint every hour!
Ermus, Ver bixe bir umut
Pear, Give me some hope.
Jabun, Derdinden oldum zabun
Soap, I am sick with love.
Chemur, Ben oliyim size umur
Coal, May I die, and all my years be yours!
Gul, Ben aglarum sen gul
A rose, May you be pleased, and your sorrows mine!
Hasir, Oliim sana yazir
A straw, Suffer me to be your slave.
Jo ho, Ustune bulunmaz pahu
Cloth, Your price is not to be found.
Tartsin, Sen ghel ben chekeim senin hargin
Cinnamon, But my fortune is yours.
Giro, Esking-ilen oldum ghira
A match, I burn, I burn! my flame consumes me!
Sirma, Uzunu benden a yirma
Goldthread, Don't turn away your face.
Satch, Bazmazum tatch
Hair, Crown of my head!
Uzum, Benim iki Guzum
Grape, My eyes!
Til, Ulugorum tez ghel
Gold wire, I die - come quickly.

And, by way of postscript:

Beber, Bize bir dogm haber
Pepper, Send me an answer.

You see this letter is all in verse, and I can assure you, there is as much fancy shewn in the choice of them, as in the most studied expressions of our letters; there being, I believe, a million of verses designed for this use. There is no colour, no flower, no weed, no fruit, herb, pebble, or feather, that has not a verse belonging to it; and you may quarrel, reproach, or send letters of passion, friendship, or civility, or even of news, without ever inking your fingers."

Darcy is pleased that communications nowadays are considerably less ornate. He is pleased that English too has become less encumbered with frilly references. He feels little of the hüzün for which Pamuk is so famous.

Those who remember the Pope's visit to Turkey will no doubt recall that there was great reluctance to admit him to Aya Sofya. The Pope was but the latest in a long line of official visitors who encountered problems. Even the charming Mary Montagu found it necessary to become a pest before being granted permission.

"The next remarkable structure is that of St Sophia which is very difficult to see. I was forced to send three times to the caimairam, (the governor of the town) and he assembled the chief effendis, or heads of the law, and enquired of the mufti, whether it was lawful to permit it. They passed some days in this important debate; but I insisting on my request, permission was granted. I can't be informed why the Turks are more delicate on the subject of this mosque, than on any of the others, where what Christian pleases may enter without scruple. I fancy they imagine, that, having been once consecrated, people, on pretence of curiosity, might profane it with prayers, particularly to those saints, who are still very visible in Mosaic work, and no other way defaced but by the decays of time; for it is absolutely false, though so universally asserted, that the Turks defaced all the images that they found in the city."

Her view of the status of slaves and women in Turkey was quite unconventional for an European lady of the early eighteenth century.

"I know, you'll expect I should say something particular of the slaves; and you will imagine me half a Turk, when I don't speak of it with the same horror other Christians have done before me. But I cannot forbear applauding the humanity of the Turks to these creatures; they are never ill used, and their slavery is, in my opinion, no worse than servitude all over the world. 'Tis true, they have no wages; but they give them yearly clothes to a higher value than our salaries to our ordinary servants. But you'll object, that men buy women with an eye to evil. In my opinion, they are bought and sold as publicly, and as infamously, in all our Christian great cities."

Would that the status of women in Turkey too had risen together with those of their counterparts in Europe! Darcy firmly believes that had women been emancipated earlier, while the decline of the Ottoman Empire could not have been forestalled, at least the Republic could have been founded on firmer foundations.

And, next-to-last, Mary Montagu expresses the feelings of so many visitors to The City over the centuries.

"I am now preparing to leave Constantinople, and perhaps you will accuse me of hypocrisy, when I tell you 'tis with regret, but as I am used to the air, and have learnt the language, I am easy here; and as much as I love travelling, I tremble at the inconveniencies attending so great a journey, with a numerous family, and a little infant hanging at the breast. However, I endeavour, upon this occasion, to do, as I have hitherto done in all the odd turns of my life; turn them, if I can, to my diversion. In order to this, I ramble every day, wrapped up in my serigee and asmack, about Constantinople,and amuse myself with seeing all that is curious in it."

She also gives notice of why Istanbul today is not grander:

"Nothing can be pleasanter than the canal; and the Turks are so well acquainted with its beauties, that all their pleasure-seats are built on its banks, where they have, at the same time, the most beautiful prospects in Europe and Asia; there are near one another some hundreds of magnificent palaces. Human grandeur being here yet more unstable than any where else, 'tis common for the heirs of a great three-tailed bassa, not to be rich enough to keep in repair the house he built; thus, in a few years, they all fall to ruin."

Mary Montagu finally returned home in 1718, after long voyages via Tunis, Genoa and Paris. Canonically the last of her letters was written from Dover. Back in England, she continued to dazzle with her wit and intelligence. So much so that Alexander Pope became smitten with her. She rebuffed his advances, after which their previous amity turned completely sour. In 1739 she began to travel independently of her husband, and was never to see him again. (He continued to make money; at his death he was quite possibly the richest man in England.) Her daughter Mary - the baby born in Istanbul - was by now married to the Earl of Bute, the British Prime Minister. She prevailed upon her mother to return to England, where she died in 1762, a year after her husband.

On the strength of her wit and her writing, Mary Montagu would have gone down in history as a charming lady of the belles lettres, but she has one more, quite considerable claim to fame. To return to the Embassy Letters:

"A propos of distempers, I am going to tell you a thing that will make you wish yourself here. The small-pox, so fatal, and so general amongst us, is here entirely harmless, by the invention of ingrafting, which is the term they give it. There is a set of old women, who make it their business to perform the operation, every autumn, in the month of September, when the great heat is abated. People send to one another to know if any of their family has a mind to have the small-pox: they make parties for this purpose, and when they are met (commonly fifteen or sixteen together) the old womancomes with a nutshell full of the matter of the best sort of small-pox, and asks what vein you please to have opened. Sheimmediately rips open that you offer to her, with a large needle, (which gives you no more pain than a common scratch) and puts into the vein as much matter as can ly upon the head of her needle, and after that, binds up the little wound with a hollow bit of shell; and in this manner opens four or five veins. The Grecians have commonly the superstition of opening one in the middle of the forehead, one in each arm, and one on the breast, to mark the sign of the cross; but this has a very ill effect, all these wounds leaving little scars, and is not done by those that are not superstitious, who chuse to have them in the legs, or that part of the arm that is concealed. The children or young patients play together all the rest of the day,and are in perfect health to the eighth. Then the fever begins to seize them, and they keep their beds two days, very seldom three. They have very rarely above twenty or thirty in their faces, which never mark; and in eight days time they are as well as before their illness. Where they are wounded, there remain running sores during the distemper, which I don't doubt is a great relief to it. Every year thousands undergo this operation; and the French ambassador says pleasantly, that they take the small-pox here by way of diversion, as they take the waters in other countries. There is no example of any one that has died in it; and you may believe I am well satisfied of the safety of this experiment, since I intend to try it on my dearlittle son. I am patriot enough to take pains to bring this useful invention into fashion in England; and I should not fail to write to some of our doctors very particularly about it, if I knew any one of them that I thought had virtue enough to destroy such a considerable branch of their revenue, for the good of mankind. But that distemper is too beneficial to them, not to expose to all their resentment the hardy wight that should undertake to put an end to it. Perhaps, if I live to return, I may, however, have courage to war with them."

Not only did her son survive unscathed, but when Mary Montagu returned to London she did indeed do her utmost to convince her acquaintances to inoculate themselves and their children. Here she failed. A remedy developed by the barbaric Turk, transmitted by a weak and feeble woman was not to be popular in England, even though the Royal College of Physicians was able to replicate the benefits claimed. And so Edward Jenner is credited with developing the smallpox vaccine. Though his method was less dangerous than that of Mary Montagu, one wonders how many people died and how many others were disfigured (Wikipedia reports a rate of 60% of the population contracting smallpox, with one fifth then dying of the disease) in the years between Mary Montagu's return to England in 1718 and Jenner's experiments in 1796.

Darcy proposes a toast in memory of a very interesting woman!

Excerpts from the Turkish Embassy Letters (I)

We bloggers in Turkey, especially the expats, hail from a long line of correspondents. Though not one of the first, one of the most entertaining was Mary Wortley Montagu, though few in Turkey or England now remember her. This is not surprising; she commanded no battalions, was not much of a philosopher, and she was, after all, a woman. Yet she deserves far better. Darcy advises any who are interested in her history to do a simple Google search, or to read her article in Wikipedia.

Mary Pierrepoint was born in 1689. She was an young prodigy, well-educated and well-spoken. She became a pen-pal of Anne Wortley Montagu, and after Anne's early death, continued her correspondence with her brother, Edward. Matters came to a head, Mary and Edward fell in love, her father disapproved and so she eloped. It was a fitting start to her adult life (and none too soon: she was 23 and in danger of becoming an old maid. Then, as now, some men do not appreciate women who are cleverer than themselves.) Her husband's career progressed swiftly and in 1716 he was appointed an extraordinary ambassador to the Sublime Porte. They stayed in the Ottoman Empire for two years and Mary Montagu became the prototypical moonstruck English tourist. All of which she related to her friends in what came to be known as the Turkish Embassy Letters.

MM started her correspondence with the usual gushing excitement that grips many travellers to Turkey today - and the place was so exotic. Her very first letter from Ottoman lands (in this case Belgrade) was written to Alexander Pope. Her first impressions were not necessarily pleasant.

"...we passed over the fields of Carlowitz, where the last great victory was obtained by prince Eugene over the Turks. The marks of that glorious bloody day are yet recent, the field being yet strewed with the skulls and carcasses of unburied men, horses, and camels. I could not look, without horror, on such numbers of mangled human bodies, nor without reflecting on the injustice of war, that makes murder not only necessary but meritorious. Nothing seems to be a plainer proof of the irrationality of mankind (whatever fine claims we pretend to reason) than the rage with which they contest for a small spot of ground, when such vast parts of fruitful earth lie quite uninhabited."

"[Belgrade] is now fortified with the utmost care and skill the Turks are capable of, and strengthened by a very numerous garrison of their bravest janizaries, commanded by a bassa seraskier (i.e. general) though this last expression is not very just; for, to say truth, the seraskier is commanded by the janizaries. These troops have an absolute authority here, and their conduct carries much more the aspect of rebellion, than the appearance of subordination. You may imagine, I cannot be very easy in a town which is really under the government of an insolent soldiery."

However, the bey of Belgrade soon began to charm her. "My only diversion is the conversation of our host, Achmet Beg, a title something like that of count in Germany... He sups with us every night, and drinks wine very freely. You cannot imagine how much he is delighted with the liberty of conversing with me... I pass for a great scholar with him, by relating to him some of the Persian tales, which I find are genuine. At first he believed I understood Persian. I have frequent disputes with him concerning the difference of our customs, particularly the confinement of women. He assures me, there is nothing at all in it; only, says he, we have the advantage, that when our wives cheat us, nobody knows it. He has wit, and is more polite than many Christian men of quality. I am very much entertained with him. - He has had the curiosity to make one of our servants set him an alphabet of our letters, and can already write a good Roman hand."

Her next letter is the then-Princess of Wales (the future ill-starred Queen Charlotte), this time written from Edirne. It starts in exaggerated fashion: "I have now, madam, finished a journey that has not been undertaken by
any Christian since the time of the Greek emperors..." and ends with the highly politic: "The country from hence to Adrianople, is the finest in the world. Vines grow wild on all the hills; and the perpetual spring they enjoy makes every thing gay and flourishing. But this climate, happy as it seems, can never be preferred to England, with all its frosts and snows, while we are blessed with an easy government, under a king, who makes his own happiness consist in the liberty of his people, and chuses rather to be looked upon as their father than their master."

To Lady ----, in a latter dated the same day, she is somewhat more frank. "I won't trouble you with a relation of our tedious journey; but must not omit what I saw remarkable at Sophia, one of the most beautiful towns in the Turkish empire, and famous for its hot baths, that are resorted to both for diversion and health. I stopped here one day, on purpose to see them; and, designing to go incognito, I hired a Turkish coach. These voitures are not at all like ours, but much more convenient for the country, the heat being so great, that glasses would be very troublesome. They are made a good deal in the manner of the Dutch stage-coaches, having wooden lattices painted and gilded; the inside being also painted with baskets and nosegays of flowers, intermixed commonly with little poetical mottos. They are covered all over with scarlet cloth, lined with silk, and very often richly embroidered and fringed. This covering entirely hides the persons in them, but may be thrown back at pleasure, and thus permits the ladies to peep through the lattices...

In one of these covered waggons, I went to the bagnio about ten o'clock... I was in my travelling habit, which is a riding dress, and certainly appeared very extraordinary to them. Yet there was not one of them that shewed the least surprise or impertinent curiosity, but received me with all the obliging civility possible. I know no European court, where the ladies would have behaved themselves in so polite a manner to such a stranger. I believe, upon the whole, there were two hundred women, and yet none of those disdainful smiles, and satirical whispers, that never fail in our assemblies, when any body appears that is not dressed exactly in the fashion. They repeated over and over to me; "UZELLE, PEK UZELLE," which is nothing but, Charming, very Charming.

...I was here convinced of the truth of a reflection I have often made, That if it were the fashion to go naked, the face would be hardly observed. (Darcy: I fully agree.) I perceived, that the ladies of the most delicate skins and finest shapes had the greatest share of my admiration, though their faces were sometimes less beautiful than those of their companions. To tell you the truth, I had wickedness enough, to wish secretly, that Mr Gervais could have been there invisible. I fancy it would have very much improved his art, to see so many fine women naked, in different postures, some in conversation, some working, others drinking coffee or sherbet, and many negligently lying on their cushions, while their slaves (generally pretty girls of seventeen or eighteen) were employed in braiding their hair in several pretty fancies."

To the Abbott ----, in yet another letter dated the same day (the post must have been irregular), she makes the following observations: "'Tis certain we have but very imperfect accounts of the manners and religion of these people; this part of the world being seldom visited, but by merchants, who mind little but their own affairs; or travellers, who make too short a stay, to be able to report any thing exactly of their own knowledge. The Turks are too proud to converse familiarly with merchants, who can only pick up some confused informations, which are generally false; and can give no better account of the ways here, than a French refugee, lodging in a garret in Greek-street, could write of the court of England."

And, in sentiments shared by generations of (misguided) missionaries she also writes: "I was going to tell you, that an intimate daily conversation with the effendi Achmet-beg, gave me an opportunity of knowing their religion and morals in a more particular manner than perhaps any Christian ever did. I explained to him the difference between the religion of England and Rome; and he was pleased to hear there were Christians that did not worship images, or adore the Virgin Mary. The ridicule of transubstantiation appeared very strong to him. - Upon comparing our creeds together, I am convinced that if our friend Dr ---- had free liberty of preaching here, it would be very easy to persuade the generality to Christianity, whose notions are very little different from his."

After some sightseeing in Edirne, which naturally included the Mosque of Selim II, "dressed in my Turkish habit, and admitted without scruple; though I believe they guessed who I was, by the extreme officiousness of the door-keeper, to shew me every part of it" and which she found to be "...vastly high, and I thought it the noblest building I ever saw..." and also other places: "I went to see some other mosques, built much after the same manner, but not comparable in point of magnificence to this I have described, which is infinitely beyond any church in Germany or England; I won't talk of other countries I have not seen. The seraglio does not seem a very magnificent palace. But the gardens are very large, plentifully supplied with water, and full of trees; which is all I know of them, having never been in them."

Two hundred and ninety years ago today, on 29th May 1717, Mary Montagu wrote her first letter from Istanbul, again to Abbott ----. She had travelled from Edirne via Ciorlei, Selivrea, Bujuk Cekmege and Kujuk Cekmege. Her first impressions?

"...I can yet tell you very little of it, all my time having been taken up with receiving visits, which are, at least, a very good entertainment to the eyes, the young women being all beauties, and their beauty highly improved by the high taste of their dress. Our palace is in Pera, which is no more a suburb of Constantinople, than Westminster is a suburb to London. All the ambassadors are lodged very near each other. One part of our house shews us the port, the city, and the seraglio, and the distant hills of Asia; perhaps, all together, the most beautiful prospect in the world."

A little later, she writes again to Alexander Pope, in response to a letter she had received from him: "Your whole letter is full of mistakes, from one end to the other. I see you have taken your ideas of Turkey, from that worthy author Dumont, who has wrote with equal ignorance and confidence. 'Tis a particular pleasure to me here, to read the voyages to the Levant, which are generally so far removed from truth, and so full of absurdities, I am very well diverted with them. They never fail giving you an account of the women, whom, 'tis certain, they never saw, and talking very wisely of the genius of the men, into whose company they are never admitted; and very often describe mosques, which they dare not even peep into. The Turks are very proud, and will not converse with a stranger they are not assured is considerable in his own country."

Possibly her most fantastic letter - one which inspired orientalists in the decades to come - was written to her sister, soon after giving birth to a daughter in the British Embassy in Pera.

"I went to see the sultana: Hafiten, favourite of the late emperor Mustapha, who, you know, (or perhaps you don't know) was deposed by his brother, the reigning sultan, and died a few weeks after, being poisoned, as it was generally believed. This lady was, immediately after his death, saluted with an absolute order to leave the seraglio, and chuse herself a husband among the great men at the Porte. I suppose you may imagine her overjoyed at this proposal. - Quite the contrary. - These women, who are called, and esteem themselves queens, look upon this liberty as the greatest disgrace and affront that can happen to them. She threw herself at the sultan's feet, and begged him to poniard her, rather than use his brother's widow with that contempt. She represented to him, in agonies of sorrow, that she was privileged from this misfortune, by having brought five princes into the Ottoman family; but all the boys being dead, and only one girl surviving, this excuse was not received, and she was compelled to make her choice. She chose Bekir Effendi, then secretary of state, and above four score years old, to convince the world, that she firmly intended to keep the vow she had made, of never suffering a second husband to approach her bed; and since she must honour some subject so far, as to be called his wife, she would chuse him as a mark of her gratitude, since it was he that had presented her, at the age of ten years, to, her last lord. But she never permitted him to pay her one visit; though it is now fifteen years she has been in his house, where she passes her time in uninterrupted mourning, with a constancy very little known in Christendom, especially in a widow of one and twenty, for she is now but thirty-six. She has no black eunuchs for her guard, her husband being obliged to respect her as a queen, and not to inquire at all into what is done in her apartment.

I was led into a large room, with a sofa the whole length of it, adorned with white marble pillars like a ruelle, covered with pale blue figured velvet, on a silver ground, with cushions of the same, where I was desired to repose, till the sultana appeared, who had contrived this manner of reception, to avoid rising up at my entrance, though she made me an inclination of her head, when I rose up to her. I was very glad to observe a lady that had been distinguished by the favour of an emperor, to whom beauties were, every day, presented from all parts of the world. But she did not seem to me, to have ever been half so beautiful as the fair Fatima I saw at Adrianople; though she had the remains of a fine face, more decayed by sorrow than time. But her dress was something so surprisingly rich, that I cannot forbear describing it to you. She wore a vest called dualma, which differs from a caftan by longer sleeves, and folding over at the bottom. It was of purple cloth, strait to her shape, and thick set, on each side, down to her feet, and round the sleeves, with pearls of the best water, of the same size as their buttons commonly are. You must not suppose, that I mean as large as those of my Lord ----, but about the bigness of a pea; and to these buttons large loops of diamonds, in the form of those gold loops, so common on birth-day coats. This habit was tied, at the waist, with two large tassels of smaller pearls, and round the arms embroidered with large diamonds. Her shift was fastened at the bottom with a great diamond, shaped like a lozenge; her girdle as broad as the broadest English ribband, entirely covered with diamonds. Round her neck she wore three chains, which reached to her knees; one of large pearl, at the bottom of which hung a fine coloured emerald, as big as a turkey-egg; another, consisting of two hundred emeralds, close joined together, of the most lively green, perfectly matched, every one as large as a half-crown piece, and as thick as three crown pieces, and another of small emeralds, perfectly round. But her ear-rings eclipsed all the rest. They were two diamonds, shaped exactly like pears, as large as a big hazle-nut. Round her talpoche she had four strings of pearl - the whitest and most perfect in the world, at least enough to make four necklaces, every one as large as the duchess of Marlborough's, and of the same shape, fastened with two roses, consisting of a large ruby for the middle stone, and round them twenty drops of clean diamonds to each. Besides this, her head-dress was covered with bodkins of emeralds and diamonds. She wore large diamond bracelets, and had five rings on her fingers (except Mr Pitt's) the largest I ever saw in my life. 'Tis for jewellers to compute the value of these things; but, according to the common estimation of jewels, in our part of the world, her whole dress must be worth a hundred thousand pounds sterling. This I am sure of, that no European queen has half the quantity; and the empress's jewels, though very fine would look very mean near her's. She gave me a dinner of fifty dishes of meat, which (after their fashion) were placed on the table but one at a time, and was extremely tedious. But the magnificence of her table answered very well to that of her dress. The knives were of gold, and the hafts set with diamonds. But the piece of luxury which grieved my eyes, was the table-cloth and napkins, which were all tiffany, embroidered with silk and gold, in the finest manner, in natural flowers. It was with the utmost regret that I made use of these costly napkins, which were as finely wrought as the finest handkerchiefs that ever came out of this country. You may be sure, that they were entirely spoiled before dinner was over. The sherbet (which is the liquor they drink at meals) was served in china bowls; but the covers and salvers massy gold. After dinner, water was brought in gold basons, and towels of the same kind with the napkins, which I very unwillingly wiped my hands upon, and coffee was served in china, with gold soucoups.

The sultana seemed in a very good humour, and talked to me with the utmost civility. I did not omit this opportunity of learning all that I possibly could of the seraglio, which is so entirely unknown amongst us. She assured me, that the story of the sultan's throwing a handkerchief, is altogether fabulous; and the manner, upon that occasion, no other than this: He sends the kyslir aga, to signify to the lady the honour he intends her. She is immediately
complimented upon it, by the others, and led to the bath, where she is perfumed and dressed in the most magnificent and becoming manner. The emperor precedes his visit by a royal present, and then comes into her apartment: neither is there any such thing as her creeping in at the bed's foot. She said, that the first he made choice of was always after the first in rank, and not the mother of the eldest son, as other writers would make us believe. Sometimes the sultan diverts himself in the company of all his ladies, who stand in a circle round him. And she confessed, they were ready to die with envy and jealousy of the happy she that he distinguished by any appearance of preference. But this seemed to me neither better nor worse than the circles in most courts, where the glance of the monarch is
watched, and every smile is waited for with impatience, and envied by those who cannot obtain it."

And on that note, ends the first part of Darcy's excerpts from the Turkish Embassy Letters.